Airspace classification is one of the most critical aspects of safe and compliant drone operations under the FAA’s Part 107 regulations. Each class of airspace has specific rules and requirements that drone pilots must understand to avoid unauthorized entry into controlled airspace, which could lead to potential conflicts with manned aircraft and legal repercussions. Understanding airspace classifications and how they impact your flight operations is essential for every remote pilot. This section will elaborate on the different classes of airspace, special use airspace, and the tools available to help pilots navigate these complex environments safely.

Airspace Classes

The National Airspace System (NAS) is divided into several classes, each with distinct operational rules. These classes are designed to protect the safety of manned aircraft and to ensure that drone operations do not interfere with other airspace users. Knowing the characteristics of each airspace class is essential for compliance with Part 107 and for planning safe flight operations.

Key Points:

1. Class A: 18,000 Feet MSL and Above:

   • Definition and Usage: Class A airspace begins at 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) and extends up to 60,000 feet MSL. It is primarily used by commercial airliners and high-performance aircraft. Drone operations in Class A airspace are irrelevant under Part 107 since the altitude far exceeds the maximum allowable altitude for drones (400 feet AGL).

   • Relevance to Drone Pilots: While Class A airspace is not directly relevant to most drone operations, understanding its existence is part of comprehending the overall structure of the NAS. Awareness of this airspace class is more pertinent for those involved in larger, more complex UAS operations that may involve high-altitude aircraft coordination.

2. Class B: Surrounds Major Airports:

   • Definition and Usage: Class B airspace surrounds the busiest airports in the United States, such as Los Angeles International (LAX), O'Hare (ORD), and John F. Kennedy (JFK). This airspace is structured like an upside-down wedding cake, with layers that protect the approach and departure paths of large, fast-moving commercial aircraft.

   • ATC Authorization Requirement: Drone pilots must obtain explicit authorization from Air Traffic Control (ATC) before operating in Class B airspace. This is because the high density of manned aircraft in this area makes it a critical airspace for ensuring separation between different types of aircraft.

   • Challenges for Drone Operations: Operating in Class B airspace can be challenging due to the need for precise coordination with ATC. Drones in this airspace must be equipped with reliable communication systems and flown by pilots who are well-versed in both Part 107 regulations and local air traffic procedures.

3. Class C: Regional Airports with Control Towers:

   • Definition and Usage: Class C airspace surrounds airports that have an operational control tower and radar approach services but are not as busy as those in Class B. Examples include airports like Austin-Bergstrom (AUS) and Tampa International (TPA).

   • ATC Authorization Requirement: Like Class B airspace, Class C airspace requires drone pilots to obtain ATC authorization before conducting operations. The airspace is typically structured with an inner core (up to 5 miles from the airport) extending from the surface to 4,000 feet AGL, and an outer shelf extending from 1,200 feet AGL to 4,000 feet AGL.

   • Operating Considerations: In Class C airspace, drone pilots must be especially vigilant due to the presence of a mix of general aviation and commercial traffic. Coordination with ATC is essential, and pilots must be prepared to respond quickly to instructions.

4. Class D: Smaller Airports with Control Towers:

   • Definition and Usage: Class D airspace typically surrounds smaller airports that have an operational control tower but lack the radar services found in Class C airspace. An example is the airspace around Burbank Bob Hope Airport (BUR).

   • ATC Authorization Requirement: Drone operations in Class D airspace also require ATC authorization. This airspace generally extends from the surface to 2,500 feet AGL and has a radius of about 4 to 5 miles.

   • Coordination Challenges: The relatively lower altitude and smaller radius of Class D airspace can sometimes make drone operations simpler compared to Class B or C airspace. However, pilots still need to be mindful of manned aircraft, which may be in close proximity during takeoff and landing phases.

5. Class E: Controlled Airspace Not Classified as A, B, C, or D:

   • Definition and Usage: Class E airspace is controlled airspace that does not fall under the definitions of Class A, B, C, or D. It often begins at 700 or 1,200 feet AGL and extends up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL. Class E airspace is also found around certain airports without a control tower.

   • Authorization Requirements: While drone operations in Class E airspace do not always require ATC authorization, this can vary depending on the specific area. For example, if Class E airspace extends down to the surface (known as Class E Surface Areas), authorization may be required.

   • Operational Flexibility: Class E airspace offers greater flexibility for drone pilots compared to other controlled airspaces. However, pilots must still be aware of manned aircraft that might be transitioning through this airspace, particularly near airports.

6. Class G: Uncontrolled Airspace:

   • Definition and Usage: Class G airspace is the only uncontrolled airspace and typically extends from the surface to 700 or 1,200 feet AGL, depending on the location. It is commonly found in rural areas and is ideal for drone operations since it does not require ATC authorization.

   • Ideal for sUAS Operations: Because it is uncontrolled, Class G airspace is often preferred for small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) operations. Pilots have greater freedom to operate without needing to coordinate with ATC, making it an excellent choice for training flights, agricultural operations, and other low-risk activities.

   • Awareness and Safety: Even though Class G airspace is uncontrolled, pilots must remain vigilant for other aircraft, such as helicopters, that may be operating at low altitudes. Maintaining a high level of situational awareness is key to ensuring safety in this airspace.

Special Use Airspace

Special use airspace includes areas with additional restrictions that can impact drone operations. These areas are designated for specific activities that could pose risks to both manned and unmanned aircraft, such as military training exercises or airshows. Understanding these areas is essential for planning safe drone operations and avoiding unauthorized entry.

Key Points:

1. Prohibited Areas:

   • Definition and Restrictions: Prohibited areas are established for security or national welfare reasons and are marked as “P-” followed by a number (e.g., P-56, which covers the airspace over the White House). No aircraft, including drones, are allowed to fly within these areas.

   • Consequences of Violation: Entering a prohibited area without authorization can result in severe penalties, including fines, loss of certification, and potential criminal charges. These areas are often heavily monitored, and violations are taken very seriously by authorities.

2. Restricted Areas:

   • Definition and Restrictions: Restricted areas contain activities that are hazardous to aircraft, such as military exercises, artillery firing, or missile testing. These areas are marked as “R-” followed by a number (e.g., R-2508 in California). Operations within these areas are allowed only with specific permission from the controlling agency.

   • Obtaining Permission: Drone pilots who wish to operate in a restricted area must coordinate with the controlling agency to obtain permission. This often involves detailed planning and adherence to strict operational protocols to ensure safety.

3. Warning Areas:

   • Definition and Risks: Warning areas are similar to restricted areas but are located over domestic or international waters. These areas are established to warn non-participating pilots of potential dangers, such as military operations. Although not as strictly controlled as restricted areas, pilots should exercise extreme caution when operating in or near warning areas.

   • Operational Considerations: While permission may not be required to enter a warning area, the potential hazards make it advisable to avoid these areas whenever possible. If operations in a warning area are necessary, pilots should stay informed about the activities taking place and maintain constant situational awareness.

4. Military Operations Areas (MOAs):

   • Definition and Usage: MOAs are designated airspace blocks where military training activities, such as air combat maneuvers, are conducted. While MOAs are not restricted, pilots should be aware that high-speed military aircraft may be operating within these areas.

   • Exercising Caution: Drone pilots should avoid operating within MOAs during times of military activity. The FAA provides information about active MOAs, and pilots should check these details as part of their pre-flight planning. If flight within an MOA is necessary, coordination with the controlling agency is strongly recommended.

5. Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs):

   • Definition and Considerations: CFAs are areas where activities that could be hazardous to aircraft, such as artillery firing or aerial gunnery, are conducted. Unlike restricted areas, CFAs are not charted because activities are suspended when non-participating aircraft are detected.

   • Operational Awareness: While CFAs are not depicted on aeronautical charts, pilots should still be aware of their existence. CFAs rely on ground-based surveillance to detect approaching aircraft, but pilots should maintain situational awareness and avoid these areas whenever possible.

Tools for Airspace Awareness

Navigating the complexities of airspace classification requires the use of various tools and resources. These tools help remote pilots stay informed about airspace restrictions, temporary flight restrictions (TFRs), and other hazards that could impact their operations.

Key Points:

1. Sectional Charts:

   • Purpose and Usage: Sectional charts are detailed maps that depict the airspace classifications, topographical features, and key landmarks used for navigation. These charts are essential for planning flight operations and ensuring compliance with airspace regulations.

   • Interpreting Sectional Charts: Drone pilots should be proficient in reading sectional charts to identify the different classes of airspace, restricted areas, and other critical information. Understanding the symbols, colors, and markings on these charts is crucial for safe navigation and for avoiding unauthorized entry into controlled or restricted airspace.

2. B4UFLY App:

   • Real-Time Airspace Information: The B4UFLY app, developed by the FAA, provides drone pilots with real-time information about their airspace. The app alerts users to nearby airports, restricted airspace, and TFRs, helping pilots determine whether it is safe to fly in their chosen location.

   • User-Friendly Interface: B4UFLY is designed to be user-friendly, making it accessible even to pilots who are new to drone operations. The app’s simple interface provides clear, actionable information that can be used to make informed decisions about flight operations.

3. NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen):

   • Purpose and Importance: NOTAMs are official notices issued by the FAA to inform pilots of temporary changes or hazards that could affect flight safety. These notices may include information about TFRs, airspace restrictions, or new obstacles in the area.

   • Checking NOTAMs: Before every flight, pilots should check for relevant NOTAMs that could impact their operation. NOTAMs can be accessed through various platforms, including FAA websites and flight planning apps. Staying informed about the latest NOTAMs is essential for avoiding restricted areas and ensuring compliance with current regulations.

Conclusion:

Understanding airspace classification is foundational for safe and compliant drone operations under Part 107. By familiarizing yourself with the different classes of airspace, the specific requirements for operating within each, and the tools available to navigate these complexities, you can ensure that your drone operations are conducted safely and within legal boundaries. Whether you are flying in uncontrolled Class G airspace or seeking authorization to operate in the busy airspace around a major airport, knowledge and preparation are key to successful drone missions. Special use airspaces, such as prohibited or restricted areas, add another layer of complexity, requiring careful planning and, in some cases, explicit permission. By using sectional charts, the B4UFLY app, and checking NOTAMs regularly, you can maintain situational awareness and make informed decisions that protect both your drone and the airspace in which it operates.